POST 14* OUTSOURCING/OFFSHORING

First of all, this is a cartoon drawn by St Louis Post. There are 3 characters in an island: " Cayman Islands." 2 of them are sitting on the boat which is called "Believin In America" and the other one is standing in front of them next to them with a box full of money.
We can guess tha the main character is Mitt Romney because of the name written on the box. He is an American politician and businessman who was the Republican Party's nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. And his gran-children because they are calling him "granpa."
The situation is very ironic because Romney is telling his gran-children how to keep their money in other to become richer and to not paying taxes. To this, he explain that you have to offshore. The others characters are looking at him with admiration and replies that he's "so smart" and that he should be the president. The cartoon criticize and satirize of the American politicians because of the name of the boat first of all "believin in America" and  then because he's getting himself his money away from the country. We can also see two others countries: Bermuda and Switerzland. 
To counclude it criticize also the hypocrisie and the selfishness of rich people which always want to get more and more money.






The second cartoon is about outsourcing. We can see 2 characters one is explaining to the other that they have to move to another country and when he asks why, the character answered that the workers wanted to get paid as if it was something not normal.
This cartoon shows another way to "save" money from the economy. But this time it is about the non-respect of human rights and the explotation of poor people in poor countries. So it criticize the fact that they prefer to "abuse" of the workers who didn't have workers right's in other to paye them much less and have more money. 
It shows the hypocrisie of the US which take profit offshoring and outsourcing to keep their money to themself and to steal money from other poor countries. 

We can relate these cartoons with the notion spaces and exchanges. In fact,we can notice that the money is been carry from a country to another. There is an economical exchange.

*POST 13: EXCHANGES IN REAL/PHYSICAL SPACES

1.INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

Immigration is the movement of people into a country to which they are not native in order to settle there, especially as permanent residents or future citizens.

2.MIXED/HYBRID LANGUAGES

A mixed language is a language that arises through the fusion of usually two source languages, normally in situations of thorough bilingualism.Furthermore, a mixed language may mark the appearance of a new ethnic or cultural group.

 HUMAN INTERACTION/INTERDEPENDENCE

In relationships, interdependence is the degree to which members of the group are mutually dependent on the others. This concept differs from a dependent relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not.
In an interdependent relationship, participants may be emotionally, economically, ecologically and/or morally reliant on and responsible to each other.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS

Technology transfer, also called transfer of technology (TOT), is the process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments or universities and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services. It is related to knowledge transfer.

 OUTSOURCING/OFFSHORING

In business, outsourcing involves the contracting out of a business process to another party (compare business process outsourcing). The term "outsourcing" dates back to at least 1981. Outsourcing sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another, but not always. Outsourcing is also the practice of handing over control of public services to for-profit corporations.

And Offshoring is the relocation, by a company, of a business process from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting. 


BRAIN DRAIN

Human capital flight is an Economics term equivalent to the Sociology term, brain drain, which refers to the emigration of intelligent, well-educated individuals to somewhere for better pay or conditions, causing the place they came from to lose those skilled people, or "brains." Typically, emigrating brains have learned English and have moved to the United Kingdom, the US or some other English-speaking country. An example is Albert Einstein. Brain drain is common in developing nations, particularly in former African colonies of the United Kingdom, the island nations of the Caribbean, and in centralized economies such as the former East Germany and the Soviet Union. China and India have recently been discovered to be at the top of the list of countries with skilled students of English leaving.

INTERNATIONAL/GLOBALIZED TRADE


International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road, Salt road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. It is the presupposition of international trade that a sufficient level of geopolitical peace and stability are prevailing in order to allow for the peaceful exchange of trade and commerce to take place between nations.




MASS/SUSTAINABLE/ECO TOURISM



Mass tourism developed with improvements in technology, which allowed the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time

Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment, society and economy. Tourism can involve primary transportation to the general location, local transportation, accommodations, entertainment, recreation, nourishment and shopping. It can be related to travel for leisure, business and what is called VFR (visiting friends and relatives) There is now broad consensus that tourism development should be sustainable; however, the question of how to achieve this remains an object of debate.

Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial (mass) tourism. Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights.

 HUMAN SMUGGLING/TRAFFICKING

Human trafficking is the modern form of slavery, with illegal smuggling and trading of people, for forced labor or sexual exploitation.

Trafficking is officially defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by means of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or abuse of power of a position of vulnerability for the purpose of exploitation.Human trafficking is not synonymous with forced migration or smuggling.

People smuggling (also called human smuggling) is "the facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, in violation of one or more countries' laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents  The term is understood as and often used interchangeably with migrant smuggling, which is defined by the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime as "...the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a state party of which the person is not a national".

 ARMS TRADE/TRAFFICKING

The arms industry is a global business that manufactures weapons and military technology and equipment. It consists of commercial industry involved in research, development, production, and the service of military material, equipment, and facilities. Arms producing companies, also referred to as defense contractors or military industry, produce arms mainly for the armed forces of states.

Arms trafficking, also known as gunrunning, is the illegal trafficking or smuggling of contraband weapons or ammunition. What constitutes legal trade in firearms varies widely, depending on local and national laws.

 ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE

Drug dealing is the exchange of illegal drugs for payment. The illegal drug trade is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs that are subject to drug prohibition laws. Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of many types of drugs through the use of drug prohibition laws

RURAL-URBAN/URBAN-RURAL MIGRATION

Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized.

UPWARD SOCIAL/GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY

Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to others' social location within a given society.

Geographic mobility is the measure of how populations move over time. Geographic mobility, population mobility, or more simply mobility is also a statistic that measures migration within a population. Commonly used in demography and human geography, it may also be used to describe the movement of animals between populations. These moves can be as large scale as international migrations or as small as regional commuting arrangements. Geographic mobility has a large impact on many sociological factors in a community and is a current topic of academic research. It varies between different regions depending on both formal policies and established social norms, and has different effects and responses in different societies. Population mobility has implications ranging from administrative changes in government and impacts on local economic growth to housing markets and demand for regional services.

.

 RELIEF ORGANIZATIONS/AID AGENCIES 

Relief organizations are organization that provides aid for people in need, esp in disaster areas

An aid agency is an organisation dedicated to distributing aid. Many professional aid organisations exist, both within government (e.g. AusAID, USAID, DFID,EuropeAid, ECHO), between governments as multilateral donors (e.g. UNDP) and as private voluntary organizations (or non-governmental organisations, (e.g.ActionAid, Ducere Foundation, Oxfam, World Vision). The International Committee of the Red Cross is unique in being mandated by international treaty to uphold the Geneva Conventions.

Aid can be subdivided into two categories: humanitarian aid (emergency relief efforts, e.g. in response to natural disasters), and development aid (or foreign aid), aimed at helping countries to achieve long-term sustainable economic growth, with the aim of achieving poverty reduction

STUDENT EXCHANGE PROGRAMS

A student exchange program is a program in which students from a secondary school or university study abroad at one of their institution's partner institutions. A student exchange program may involve international travel, but does not necessarily require the student to study outside of his or her home country. For example, the National Student Exchange program (NSE) offers placements throughout the United States and Canada.

 GLOBAL CITIES/GLOBAL CULTURAL EVENTS

A global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade.

GLOBAL WARMING

Global warming and climate change can both refer to the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects, although climate change can also refer to any historic change in climate. Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. More than 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming; the remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere.